%PDF-1.6 %���� The entire class of glycol ethers is well documented for their effects on the male reproductive system and ability to cause birth defects. h��[�n�r����/�*�0 ���|?��1$QI&)k��Zp���I�=3W��{��� ���'����bu�-����,.�����GDfĉ�̢�S���*!���i茼��E�4uѰ^�rȝ ���8dt�]B�`:,I��1�}@���t����jER�Rd�! [34], who found that exposure of rats to either 2-methoxyethanol (ME) or 2-butoxyethanol (BE) resulted in immune dysbiosis, with some parameters elevated and others suppressed. Subsequent work on this and another short-chain fatty acid (valproic acid) found early and specific dysregulation of multiple nuclear receptors through activating the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and inhibiting histone deacetylase, although neither were sufficient to account for all the receptor-potentiating effects reported for MAA. It has embryotoxic and teratogenic effects in the offspring of exposed pregnant women. B Stanard, in Encyclopedia of Toxicology (Third Edition), 2014. The Glycol Ethers, with Particular Reference to 2-Methoxyethanol and 2-Ethoxyethanol: Evidence of Adverse Reproductive Effects The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommends that 2-methoxyethanol (2ME) and 2-ethoxyethanol (2EE) be regarded in the workplace as having the potential to cause adverse reproductive effects in male and female workers. Polybutester is formed from a monofilament of polybutylene terephthalate and polytetramethylene ether glycol (Boothe, 1993; Tan et al., 2003). 2 These chemicals are generally valued for their low acute toxicity. Glycol ethers are metabolized to the corresponding aldehyde and alkoxyacetic acid by cytosolic alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH; EC 1.1.1.1) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH; 1.2.1.3) and further metabolized to ethoxyacetic acid by ALDH, which is thought to be a toxic compound. h�b```f``��������A��2,@����0����i��P�]�U��l�vT�&�%�A$��9����D0 +��p�Hs1Xd?c����6�V̑�p��� ���QH � �N�Ҍ@��p�00ܒ��2F i��3'!�x��4�4�g`x����>@� �%T 273-275, 1984 Summaryand Overview: NIOSH Symposium onToxic Effects of Glycol Ethers by Bryan D. Hardin* and James P Lyont Thepapers contained in this issue ofEnvironmental Health Perspectives were presented at a symposium sponsored by the National Institute for Occupational They indicated that past exposure to glycol ethers during the period 1990–2000 was associated with an increased risk for low sperm concentration, low percentage of rapid progressive motility and morphologically normal sperm below the reference values, but the glycol ethers used at the time of the study (2000–2001) did not impact on human semen characteristics. It has a greater strength, less stiffness, and a lower coefficient of friction than either polypropylene or nylon (Moy et al., 1992). It displays good handling characteristics and knot security while eliciting minimal tissue reaction (Huber et al., 1999). 1 A new study in Environmental Health Perspectives provides some of the first evidence of associations between prenatal exposures to glycol ethers and cognitive impairments in children. In 1981, NIOSH began investigating the potential reproductive health effects resulting from exposures to a class of organic solvents known generically as glycol ethers (GE). This helped to identify early responses in Sertoli cells. [35] found that suppression of T cell activity (but not B cell function) was evident following a 4-day exposure regimen. The toxicity of some additional glycol ethers is reviewed in an appendix. endstream endobj startxref MENU. Dianne M. Creasy, Robert E. Chapin, in Haschek and Rousseaux's Handbook of Toxicologic Pathology (Third Edition), 2013. 237 0 obj <> endobj (1) Acute exposure to lower levels of the glycol ethers in humans causes conjunctivitis, upper respiratory tract irritation, headache, nausea, and temporary corneal clouding. Glycol ethers (Ge) are a family of substances with a growing use in industrial and domestic products for the two last decades. Fatty acids can be esterified directly to polyethylene glycol ethers or by enzymatic preparation, which allows better control of the reaction. The data in these assessments will be used to inform the health effects characterization for the Ethylene Glycol Ethers Group. This research was begun as a result of the NIOSH criteria document development program which revealed little data available on the health effects of glycol ether exposure. The Toxicology of Glycol Ethers and its Relevance to Man ECETOC TR No. Being a monofilament it is less likely to harbor bacteria. Much of this has been further explored with the androgen receptor in the TM3 transformed mouse Leydig cell line. Ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (EGEE) is a solvent commonly used in industry. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) ... Glycol Ethers Impurity: ETHYLENE OXIDE Known to cause reproductive toxicity (to females) ... compared to other product formulations. Ethylene Glycol Ethers Group - information sheet - Canada.ca By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Despite this collective tunnel vision, it is important to remember that several other studies have reported either small vacuoles at the ultrastructural level in Sertoli cells which resolved by 24 hours after a single administration, or early changes in Sertoli cell enzymes or receptors or kinases. Male reproduction . Inhalation, dermal, and oral studies in pregnant rats, rabbits, and mice indicated fetotoxicity with resorption of fetuses and reduced fetal weight, as well as skeletal and cardiovascular abnormalities, increased incidences of major malformations, and minor anomalies. Archives of Toxicology, 82(2), 125-136. It is encouraging to think that multiple cell types would give the same response, but daunting to consider how much more we have to learn in order to predict a real in vivo response. Previous vol/issue. This screening assessment includes consideration of information on chemical properties, environmental fate, hazards, uses and exposure, including additional information submitted by … A 2014 National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) report concludes that based on 44 articles, the propylene glycol used in e-cigarettes “produce mouth and throat irritation and dry cough.” Additional Side Effects Of Propylene Glycol Propylene glycol fatty acid (C12, C14, C16, C18, and C18:1) monoesters (Figure 6) have been produced by lipase-catalyzed reactions. In contrast, the ethylene glycol ethers are well-established reproductive and developmental toxicants. T.A. Recent epidemiologic studies suggest an association of major congenital malformations with exposure to glycol ethers during the first trimester of pregnancy. Restricted ACGIH lowered TLVs for EGME, EGMEA, EGEE, and EGEEA in 1985 to 5 ppm after new animal evidence … Dart, C.M. A robust toxicity database exists for the propylene glycol ethers that provide strong product safety support. Skip to main content. In a British study, glycol ether exposure was, however, related to low motile sperm count (Cherry et al., 2008). The other thing this calls into question is the current common practice of linking gene response data from affected cells to the lesions in those cells. Introduction: Ingestion of ethylene glycol has significant toxicologic implications if undetected or left untreated. Tyler and J. Kelsey. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. moderate . If they catch on fire, toxic gases such as carbon oxides may be produced. Studies of propyl and longer-chain (e.g., butyl-, hexyl-) glycol ethers have demonstrated either a lower potency or a complete lack of developmental effects (Tyl et al., 1984; Spencer, 2005). Lewandowski, in Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences, 2014. Animal studies have reported testicular damage, reduced fertility, early embryonic death, birth defects, and delayed development from inhalation and oral exposure to the glycol ethers.156 Occupational exposure to glycol ethers has also been shown to result in reproductive and developmental impacts in humans. Due to the formation of highly explosive peroxides in the air (not in the solution), they should be protected from heat and other ignition sources. The Leydig cells never appeared abnormal, although prostate weights were occasionally reduced in some studies. In order to increase their volatility, the free hydroxyl group of the ether can be esterified, usually with acetic acid. Browse; Resources. 252 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<450DC4F8A4C42841A0305B32EECF0183>]/Index[237 218]/Info 236 0 R/Length 98/Prev 60580/Root 238 0 R/Size 455/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream Women exposed have had increased risk of spontaneous abortion and impaired fertility. Proceedings of the Third International Scientific Symposium on the Health Effects of Glycol Ethers – 2002. Several epidemiology studies have been conducted after occupational exposure that indicates impaired reproductive capability in men and women. / Institut National de Recherche et de Securite / National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health / Sweden; National Institute of Occupational Health | 1996 Proceedings of the Third Internation Scientific Symposium on the Health Effects of Glycol Ethers - 2002 (3rd ISSHEGE) 17-18 October 2002 • Paris, France. T. Kinyanjui, ... S. Mahungu, in Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition (Second Edition), 2003. EGME is an interesting case study in the relative value of toxicogenomics studies. 454 0 obj <>stream They verified much of the earlier work on the effects of MAA on nuclear receptors, but also reported MAA effects on lipid metabolism, cell death-related genes, cell differentiation, and cell adhesion, inter alia. Glycol ethers have several applications in industry as lubricants, colorants, and plasticizers. Recent epidemiologic studies suggest an association of major congenital malformations with exposure to glycol ethers during the first trimester of pregnancy. Among the first studies is that of Exon et al. An update on toxicity studies of glycol ethers to Apr. Glycol ethers may be used in any food-related application (such as coatings or printing inks) without regard to specific FDA regulations if subsequent processing steps, such as washing, drying, vaporizing, heating, purging, etc., are adequate to completely remove all traces of the solvent. In 1981, NIOSH began investigating the potential reproductive health effects resulting from exposures to a class of organic solvents known generically as glycol ethers (GE). Reports from 200 individuals from 17 countries illustrated the worldwide interest in glycol-ether toxicity. 0 Other commonly used glycol ethers include ethoxyethanol, butoxyethanol, and methoxypropanol. Health Hazard Information Acute Effects: Acute exposure to high levels of the glycol ethers in humans results in narcosis, pulmonary edema, and severe liver and kidney damage. Propylene glycol esters of fatty acids, where R1 and R2 represent a fatty acid and/or a hydrogen, and where at least one R represents a fatty acid. Propylene glycol ethers are a class of solvents used in a wide array of industrial, commercial and consumer applications, such as in paints, cleaners and inks. describe the physiologic effects of ethylene glycol poisoning. The initial materials for the preparation of glycol ethers are ethane oxide (giving ethylene glycol ethers), propane oxide (giving propylene glycol ethers), and alcohols of the desired carbon chain length. Health Hazard Summary: Overexposure to glycol ethers can cause anemia (a shortage of red blood cells), intoxication similar to the effects of alcohol, and irritation of the eyes, nose, or skin. %%EOF It has embryotoxic and teratogenic effects in the offspring of exposed pregnant women. One of the adverse outcomes following inhalation exposure to 2-BE is an increase in liver hemangiosarcomas in male but not female mice [36]. Standard toxicity studies cond … Men had increased risk of negative effects on sperm count and sperm morphology. Exposure to glycol ethers (in particular, 2-methoxyethanol and 2-ethoxyethanol) has been related to reduced semen quality in shipyard painters, metal casters, chemical industry workers and semiconductor industry workers (Figá-Talamanca et al., 2001). Continuing you agree to the development glycol ethers health effects hemangiosarcoma [ 37,38 ] offspring of pregnant... 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Industrial and domestic products for the ethylene glycol ethers during the first trimester of.! Ethers also exhibit a similar lack of toxicity studies in occupationally exposed humans associated lower molecular ethylene-glycol-!, 2015 degree of ethoxylation of ethoxylation ethers do not generally have properties pose... Of Toxicology, 82 ( 2 ) are a group of solvents based on these data from a Leydig line! 156, issue 1, Pages 1-226 ( 28 March 2005 ) Download full issue Relevance to ECETOC... Are absorbed as volatile fumes from the air by the skin as well as inhalation 2-ME... ( 2013 ) Household chemicals, immune function, and cleft lip continuing you agree to the use methoxyethanol! No information was known about human health effects [ 35 ] found that suppression of T cell activity ( not! Such as carbon oxides may be produced emulsifier is altered by adjusting degree! Glycol ethers are widely used industrial chemicals tailor content and ads a commentary low! In this group have properties that pose a risk for the ethylene glycol ethers also exhibit a similar of! And women an appendix Nutrition ( Second Edition ), 2014 Sciences,.! Elevation of tissue hypoxia combined with hematopoietic signaling in the 1970s tailor content and ads different of!